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    <h1>UNIT 1: Introduction & Corporate Finance</h1>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2024-25</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(a):</span> What is the role of financial markets in economic development?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(f):</span> Give two example of how Indian financial markets are influenced by global markets.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(j):</span> Define synergy in mergers.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(a):</span> Compare and contrast the money market and capital market with suitable examples.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 3(a):</span> Discuss the role of a finance manager in a company. How does he/she apply corporate finance concepts to achieve organizational goals?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 3(b):</span> Discuss how macroeconomic indicators such as GDP, inflation, and interest rates impact financial markets and overall corporate financial strategy.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2023-24</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(a):</span> Define CAPM model.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(b):</span> Explain Doubling period Rule of 69.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(i):</span> Define a de-merger.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(j):</span> What is meant by financial synergy in a merger?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(a):</span> “Without adequate finance no business can survive and without efficient financial management no business can prosper and grow.” Comment on this statement and explain the importance of financial management in a modern business enterprise.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(e):</span> Explain the concept of the exchange ratio in the context of mergers. Discuss how the exchange ratio is determined and its significance for the shareholders of both the acquiring and the target companies.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 3(a):</span> Compare and contrast the asset-based valuation model, earning-based valuation model, and cash flow-based valuation model.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 7(a):</span> Define mergers and acquisitions (M&A) and explain their importance in the corporate world.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 7(b):</span> A Ltd. is considering acquiring B Ltd. The following information is available:
        <div class="numerical">
            Profit after tax: A Ltd ₹30,00,000 | B Ltd ₹6,00,000<br>
            Number of equity shares: A Ltd 6,00,000 | B Ltd 2,00,000<br>
            Market value per share: A Ltd ₹150 | B Ltd ₹60<br>
            Calculate: (i) Post acquisition EPS if exchange ratio is based on market price. (ii) The number of shares to be issued to B Ltd.
        </div>
    </div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2022-23</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(a):</span> What is meant by Asset Based Valuation Model?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(b):</span> Define Arbitrage Pricing Theory.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(i):</span> What is Acquisition?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(j):</span> Define De-Merger.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(a):</span> What is Time Value of Money? Why it is important for financial manager to consider TVM?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 7(a):</span> Define Merger. Discuss the various types of mergers with suitable examples.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 7(b):</span> What are the issues in mergers? Discuss the problems in Acquisition and also explain why most of the mergers and acquisitions fail in India.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2021-22</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(a):</span> What is Financial Management?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(b):</span> What is meant by Time Value of Money?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(i):</span> What do you mean by Mergers?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(j):</span> What is meant by Acquisition?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 3(a):</span> Briefly explain the role of a finance manager in an organization.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 3(b):</span> Discuss the financial decisions and objectives of financial management.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2018-19</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(a):</span> What is corporate financial management?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(b):</span> What is wealth maximization?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(a):</span> “Finance is the life blood of Industry.” Elucidate.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(e):</span> What is meant by financial system? Discuss its components.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 3(a):</span> Discuss the roles and responsibilities of a financial manager in a modern business organization.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2017-18</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(a):</span> What is finance function?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(a):</span> Discuss profit maximization vs wealth maximization.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 3(a):</span> Explain the role of financial system in the economic development of a country.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 3(b):</span> Discuss the limitations of Indian financial system.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2016-17</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(a):</span> State the objectives of financial management.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(b):</span> What is modern approach of finance function?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(a):</span> “Finance is the life blood of Industry”. Elucidate this statement.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(b):</span> What is CAPM? Discuss about the assumptions and limitations.</div>

	    <h1>UNIT 2: Investment Decisions & Cost of Capital</h1>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2024-25</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(b):</span> Why is opportunity cost important in decision-making?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(g):</span> Name any two capital budgeting techniques.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(b):</span> Discuss the various components of a cash flow statement. How do they provide insights into a company’s financial health?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 4(a):</span> What are the major considerations involved in making capital investment decisions? Explain with examples.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 4(b):</span> Explain the need for incorporating risk analysis in long-term investment decisions. Discuss various methods for adjusting risk in capital budgeting.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2023-24</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(c):</span> What does a positive Net Present Value (NPV) indicate about a project?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(d):</span> What is the cost of retained earnings?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(b):</span> Describe the steps involved in calculating the weighted average cost of capital (WACC). Why is it considered a better measure than the individual cost of capital?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 4(a):</span> Compare and contrast the Net Present Value (NPV) and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) methods of project evaluation. Under what circumstances might they lead to conflicting results?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 4(b):</span> A company is considering two mutually exclusive machines A and B. Both have a 4-year life. The cost of capital is 10%. The cash inflows are as follows:
        <div class="numerical">
            Year | Machine A (₹) | Machine B (₹)<br>
            ------------------------------------<br>
            0    | (1,50,000)    | (2,00,000)  (Initial Investment)<br>
            1    | 60,000        | 70,000<br>
            2    | 60,000        | 70,000<br>
            3    | 60,000        | 70,000<br>
            4    | 60,000        | 70,000<br><br>
            Advice which machine should be chosen using NPV method. (PV Factor @10%: 0.909, 0.826, 0.751, 0.683)
        </div>
    </div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2022-23</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(c):</span> What is Capital Budgeting?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(d):</span> What is Weighted Average Cost of Capital?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(b):</span> A project cost ₹ 96,000 and is expected to generate cash inflows of ₹ 24,000, ₹ 32,000, ₹ 40,000, ₹ 32,000 and ₹ 20,000 at the end of each year for next 5 years. Calculate project's Internal Rate of Return (IRR).</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 4(a):</span> Explain the concept of Cost of Capital. Why is it important for a firm to estimate its cost of capital accurately?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 4(b):</span> Discuss the various traditional and modern techniques of Capital Budgeting with their merits and demerits.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2021-22</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(c):</span> Define Profitability Index.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(d):</span> A project requires an outlay of ₹ 50,000 and generates cash inflows of ₹ 12,500 for 5 years. Calculate payback period.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(b):</span> A project costs ₹ 16,000 and is expected to generate cash inflows of ₹ 8,000, ₹ 7,000 and ₹ 6,000 at the end of each year for next 3 years. Calculate IRR by trial and error.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 4(a):</span> A company has an equity share capital of ₹ 10,00,000 divided into 1,00,000 shares of ₹ 10 each. Current net profit is ₹ 1,50,000 and market price is ₹ 25. Calculate cost of equity. If company borrows ₹ 5,00,000 @ 10%, profit increases by ₹ 50,000. Find new market price if Ke remains same.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2018-19</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(c):</span> What is Profitability Index?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(d):</span> Calculate payback period: Outlay ₹ 20,000, Annual cash inflow ₹ 5,000.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(b):</span> What is Capital Budgeting? Explain its significance.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 4(a):</span> Calculate IRR: Initial Investment ₹ 40,000. Cash Inflows: Yr1 ₹ 15k, Yr2 ₹ 12k, Yr3 ₹ 10k, Yr4 ₹ 10k.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2016-17</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(c):</span> What is the cost of debt?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(d):</span> What is Payback period?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(d):</span> A project will cost ₹ 40,000. Its stream of earnings before depreciation and taxes is ₹ 10,000, ₹ 12,000, ₹ 14,000, ₹ 16,000 and ₹ 20,000 for 5 years. Calculate ARR (Accounting Rate of Return).</div>
	
	    <h1>UNIT 3: Financial Decisions & Leverages</h1>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2024-25</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(c):</span> What is the point of indifference in financial management?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(i):</span> Define financial leverage.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(c):</span> Explain the EBIT-EPS analysis. How does it help in determining the optimal capital structure of a firm?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 5(a):</span> Explain how financial leverage affects EPS under different levels of EBIT. Illustrate with a hypothetical example.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 5(b):</span> Discuss how a firm can use leverage to enhance shareholders’ earnings. What are the associated risks?</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2023-24</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(e):</span> Explain the significance of financial leverage.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(c):</span> From the following information, calculate Operating Leverage, Financial Leverage and Combined Leverage:
        <div class="numerical">
            - Sales: 1,00,000 units @ ₹ 2 per unit.<br>
            - Variable Cost: ₹ 0.70 per unit.<br>
            - Fixed Costs: ₹ 1,00,000.<br>
            - Interest on 10% Debentures: ₹ 10,000 (Loan amount ₹ 1,00,000).
        </div>
    </div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 5(a):</span> Discuss the Net Income (NI) and Net Operating Income (NOI) approaches to capital structure. How do they differ in their assumptions regarding the cost of capital and the value of the firm?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 5(b):</span> Explain the Modigliani-Miller (MM) hypothesis on capital structure both in the absence and presence of corporate taxes.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2022-23</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(e):</span> What is Operating Leverage?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(f):</span> Define Capital Structure.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(c):</span> What is Indifference Point? How is it calculated? Explain with the help of an example.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 5(a):</span> A company needs ₹ 10,00,000 for expansion. Two plans are available:<br>
        Plan 1: Fully by Equity Shares of ₹ 100 each.<br>
        Plan 2: ₹ 5,00,000 by Equity Shares and ₹ 5,00,000 by 10% Debentures.<br>
        The current EBIT is ₹ 2,00,000 and the tax rate is 50%. Determine the EPS in both cases and suggest which plan is better.
    </div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 5(b):</span> What are Leverages? Explain the significance of Operating, Financial and Combined leverage in financial decision making.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2021-22</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(e):</span> What is indifference point? How is it determined?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(f):</span> What is meant by Over-capitalization?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(c):</span> Discuss the various theories of capital structure.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 5(a):</span> Explain the concept of EBIT-EPS analysis.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 5(b):</span> The following information is available for X Ltd.:
        <div class="numerical">
            - Sales (10,000 units): ₹ 20,00,000<br>
            - Variable Cost: ₹ 10,00,000<br>
            - Fixed Cost: ₹ 6,00,000<br>
            - Interest: ₹ 1,00,000<br>
            Calculate Operating, Financial and Combined Leverages. If sales increase by 10%, what will be the impact on EBIT?
        </div>
    </div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2018-19</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(e):</span> Define operating leverage.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(f):</span> Define capital structure.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(c):</span> Explain the concept of EBIT-EPS analysis.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 5(a):</span> Discuss the NI and NOI theories of capital structure.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2017-18</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(f):</span> How can financial leverage be calculated?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(c):</span> Write concept and advantages of EBIT-EPS analysis.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 5(a):</span> Discuss factors determining the capital structure of a firm.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2016-17</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(f):</span> What are the measures of financial leverage?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(f):</span> "Leverage is a double-edged sword". Discuss.</div>
	
	    <h1>UNIT 4: Dividend Decisions</h1>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2024-25</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(d):</span> How is a cash dividend different from a stock dividend?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(d):</span> Describe the factors that influence a firm's dividend policy. How does a company decide how much to pay its shareholders?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 6(a):</span> How does the Bird-in-Hand theory influence investor behavior toward dividend-paying stocks?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 6(b):</span> How do Walter and Gordon justify that dividend decisions affect the value of a firm? Explain with the help of their models.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2023-24</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(f):</span> State any two assumptions of Walter's dividend model.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(d):</span> The following information is available for X Ltd:<br>
        Earnings per share (E) = ₹ 10 | Cost of Capital (Ke) = 10% | Rate of return on investment (r) = 15%.<br>
        Calculate the market value of the share using Walter’s formula if the dividend payout ratio is (i) 40%, (ii) 60%, and (iii) 100%.
    </div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 6(a):</span> Discuss the MM hypothesis of dividend irrelevance. What are its underlying assumptions?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 6(b):</span> Compare and contrast the stable dividend policy, constant payout ratio policy, and residual dividend policy.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2022-23</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(g):</span> What is Stock Dividend?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(d):</span> From the following information, calculate the value of the share using Walter's Model:<br>
        EPS = ₹ 8, DPS = ₹ 4, Ke = 10%, r = 12%.
    </div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 6(a):</span> X Ltd. has an EPS of ₹ 10. Its capitalization rate is 10% and return on investment is 15%. Determine the value of the share using Gordon's Model if the retention ratio is (i) 40% and (ii) 60%.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 6(b):</span> What is Dividend Policy? Discuss the various factors determining the dividend policy of a firm.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2021-22</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(g):</span> What is interim dividend?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(d):</span> Explain the relevance and irrelevance theories of dividend.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 6(a):</span> Discuss the MM dividend model.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 6(b):</span> A company has 10,000 shares outstanding at ₹ 100 each. It expects a net income of ₹ 1,00,000 and proposes a dividend of ₹ 5 per share. The capitalization rate is 10%. Using MM Approach, show that the value of the firm remains unchanged whether dividends are paid or not.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2018-19</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(g):</span> Define Gordon's dividend model.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(d):</span> How do high and low payout policies affect the growth of a firm?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 6(a):</span> Explain Walter's model of dividend policy with an example.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2017-18</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(d):</span> Name types of dividend policy.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(b):</span> Explain the Walter model of dividend relevance.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 6(a):</span> Discuss the assumptions and limitations of MM Model of dividend.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2016-17</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(g):</span> What is a Bonus share?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(h):</span> Discuss about stable dividend policy and its forms.</div>
	    <h1>UNIT 5: Working Capital Management & Financing</h1>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2024-25</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(e):</span> What is the principle of matching maturity in working capital management?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(h):</span> What do you mean by venture capital?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(e):</span> Discuss the importance of inventory management in reducing working capital costs.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 7(a):</span> How does the length of the working capital cycle affect business operations and profitability? Illustrate with a diagram.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 7(b):</span> What are the factors a firm must consider before designing an effective credit policy?</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2023-24</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(g):</span> Define the concept of an operating cycle in the context of working capital.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(h):</span> What is meant by an aggressive working capital policy?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(b):</span> Discuss the various sources of short-term financing available to a firm for meeting its working capital requirements.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 2(f):</span> Explain the concept of permanent and temporary working capital. How should a firm decide on the mix of long-term and short-term sources to finance these?</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2022-23</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(h):</span> Define Working Capital.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(e):</span> What is Working Capital Cycle? Discuss the factors that influence the length of the working capital cycle.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 2(g):</span> Define Venture Capital. Discuss the various stages of venture capital financing and its importance for startups.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2021-22</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(h):</span> Define Gross Working Capital.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(e):</span> What are the determinants of working capital?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 7(a):</span> Discuss the various sources of working capital.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 7(b):</span> Prepare a statement showing the working capital requirement for a level of activity of 1,56,000 units of production. 
        <div class="numerical">
            - Raw Material: ₹ 90 per unit<br>
            - Direct Labour: ₹ 40 per unit<br>
            - Overheads: ₹ 75 per unit (including depreciation of ₹ 15)<br>
            - Selling Price: ₹ 265 per unit<br>
            - RM in stock: 4 weeks | WIP: 2 weeks | FG: 4 weeks<br>
            - Credit allowed by suppliers: 4 weeks | Credit to debtors: 8 weeks<br>
            - Lag in payment of wages: 1.5 weeks | Cash at bank: ₹ 60,000.
        </div>
    </div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2018-19</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(h):</span> What is Net Working Capital?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(j):</span> What is venture capital?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(f):</span> Explain the various types of working capital.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 7(a):</span> Describe the operating cycle of a manufacturing firm.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2016-17</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(h):</span> What is EOQ?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(g):</span> From the following data, determine the working capital requirement:
        <div class="numerical">
            - Annual Sales: ₹ 12,00,000<br>
            - Analysis: RM 40%, Labor 30%, Overheads 20%, Profit 10%<br>
            - RM 1 month | WIP 0.5 month | FG 1 month stock<br>
            - Suppliers 1 month | Debtors 2 months credit<br>
            - Lag in wages: 1 month. Cash balance: ₹ 20,000.
        </div>
    </div>

</div>
	    <h1 style="background: #c0392b !important; border-bottom: 3px solid #7f8c8d;">OUT OF SYLLABUS / ADDITIONAL TOPICS</h1>
    <p style="padding: 10px; background: #fdeaea; border-left: 5px solid #c0392b; margin: 10px 0;">
        <strong>Note:</strong> Ye questions purane papers mein hain par current syllabus units mein directly mentioned nahi hain. Inhe short notes ke liye taiyar rakhein.
    </p>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2018-19</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(i):</span> What is lease financing?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(g):</span> What is venture capital? Discuss its importance in India.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 7(b):</span> Write short notes on: (i) Introduction to Derivatives, (ii) Lease vs Hire Purchase.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2017-18</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(h):</span> Define financial derivatives.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(j):</span> What are the types of lease?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(e):</span> Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of lease financing for a lessee.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 7(a):</span> "Venture capital is a long-term equity investment in high-risk projects." Explain the statement and discuss the process of venture capital financing.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 7(b):</span> What are derivatives? Explain the different types of derivatives traded in the Indian financial market.</div>

    <span class="paper-year">EXAMINATION 2016-17</span>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(i):</span> What is a forward contract?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec A 1(j):</span> What is a financial lease?</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec B 2(e):</span> Explain the concept and significance of Venture Capital.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 7(a):</span> Define Lease Financing. How does it differ from Hire Purchase? Explain the various types of leases.</div>
    <div class="q-box"><span class="q-num">Sec C 7(b):</span> What are Financial Derivatives? Discuss the features and types of derivatives (Forwards, Futures, Options, and Swaps).</div>

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