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  <title>B.R.A. Bihar University - Semester I Syllabus</title>
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  <h1>B.R.A. Bihar University, Muzaffarpur</h1>
  <h2>SEMESTER-I</h2>

  <!-- BCA-101 -->
  <h3 id="BCA-101">BCA-101: MATHEMATICAL FOUNDATION</h3>
  <p><b>Total Lectures = 50</b></p>

  <h4>Unit I: Differential Calculus</h4>
  <p>Successive Differentiation, Leibnitz Theorem, Expansion of function of one variable in Taylor’s and McLaurin’s infinite series, Maxima and minima of functions of one variable, Partial Derivatives, Euler’s theorem, change of variables, Total differentiation, Taylor’s series in two variables, Maxima and Minima of two variables.</p>

  <h4>Unit II: Integral Calculus</h4>
  <p>Definite integral and its application for area, length and volume, multiple integrals, change of order of integration.</p>

  <h4>Unit III: Differential Equation</h4>
  <p>First degree and first order differential equation; Higher order differential equation with constant coefficients, Linear partial differential equation of first order, P.D.E. of higher orders with constant coefficients.</p>

  <h4>Unit IV: Matrix Algebra</h4>
  <p>Elementary transformation, inverse of a matrix by row operation, rank, solution of a system of linear simultaneous equation by matrix method, Eigen values and Eigen Vectors, Caylee Hamilton theorem, Quadratic forms.</p>

  <p><b>Note:</b> Stress should be given on the development of ideas. Proofs of theorems and derivation of formulae are not required.</p>

  <h4>Text Books:</h4>
  <ul>
    <li>Engineering Mathematics, Dr. B.S. Grewal</li>
    <li>Matrix by A.R. Vashishtha</li>
    <li>Advanced Engg. Maths, by Chandrika Prasad</li>
    <li>Elements of Modern Algebra, J.N. Sharma, Krishna Prakashan, Meerut</li>
    <li>Topics in Algebra, I.N. Herstein, Vikas Publications</li>
  </ul>

  <!-- BCA-102 -->
  <h3 id="BCA-102">BCA-102: COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS</h3>
  <p><b>Total Lectures = 50</b></p>

  <h4>Unit I: Introduction to Computers</h4>
  <p>Brief History of Development of Computers, Computer System Concepts & Characteristics, Capabilities and Limitations of Computers; Type of Computers - Analog, Digital, Hybrid, General, Special Purpose, Micro, Mini, Mainframe, Super; Generations of Computers, Type of PCs - Desktop, Laptop, Notebook, Palmtop, Workstations etc. and their characteristics.</p>

  <h4>Unit II: Computer Organization and Working</h4>
  <p>Basic Components of a Computer System: CPU, Memory - RAM, ROM, EPROM, PROM, and other types of Memory.</p>

  <h4>Unit III: Input/Output/Storage Devices</h4>
  <p><b>Input Devices:</b> Keyboard, Mouse etc.<br>
     <b>Output Devices:</b> Monitors, Printers (Daisy Wheel, Dot Matrix, Ink Jet, Laser, Line Printer), Plotter, Sound Card, Speakers, Projectors.</p>
  <p><b>Storage Devices:</b> Storage fundamentals – Primary versus Secondary, Data Storage and retrieval methods - Sequential, Direct, Index Sequential.<br>
     <b>Various storage Devices:</b> Magnetic Tape, Magnetic Discs, Cartridge Tape, Hard Disk Drives, Optical Disks, CD, DVD, Zip Drive.</p>

  <h4>Unit IV: Computer Software</h4>
  <p><b>System Software:</b> Operating System, Utility Program, Programming Languages, Assemblers, Compilers and Interpreters.<br>
     <b>Operating System:</b> Functions, Types - Batch, Single, Multiprogramming, Multiprocessing.<br>
     <b>Programming Language:</b> Machine Level, Assembly, High Level, 4GL, merits and demerits.<br>
     <b>Application Software:</b> Word processing, Spreadsheet, Presentation Graphics, Database Management Software, Characteristics, Usages and Examples.</p>

  <h4>Unit V: Flowcharts</h4>
  <p>Symbols, Rules for making Flowcharts, types of flowcharts, advantages and disadvantages; Pseudo Codes, Decision Tree, Decision Table, System Flowchart.</p>

  <h4>Unit VI: Programming Techniques</h4>
  <p>Top-Down, Bottom-Up, Modular, Structured – Features, Merits and demerits, Comparative Study. Programming Logic – Simple, Branching, Looping, Recursion. Introductory concepts of Computer Security and Virus.</p>

  <h4>Text Books:</h4>
  <ul>
    <li>V. Rajaraman, Fundamentals of Computers, PHI</li>
    <li>Introduction to Information Technology, ITL Education Solutions Ltd., Pearson</li>
    <li>Fundamentals of Information Technology – P.K. Sinha</li>
    <li>Computer Fundamentals – Reema Thareja, Oxford Press</li>
  </ul>

  <!-- BCA-103 -->
  <h3 id="BCA-103">BCA-103: BUSINESS COMMUNICATION & INFORMATION SYSTEM</h3>
  <p><b>Total Lectures = 50</b></p>

  <h4>Unit I</h4>
  <p>Meaning and Process of Communication, Barriers to communication, Verbal and non-verbal communication. Business Communication and its importance. Listening, Reading, Writing skills.</p>

  <h4>Unit II</h4>
  <p>Principles of Letter Writing, Business Letters: Quotations, Orders, Tenders, Sales Letters, Complaints, Claim and Adjustment Letters, Collection Letters. Social Correspondence: Letters of congratulation, Invitations, Introduction, Recommendation, Condolence, Acceptance and regrets. Summarisation, Punctuation.</p>

  <h4>Unit III</h4>
  <p>Principles of Business Communication, Drafting of Notice, Agenda, and minutes of company Meetings, Interview and Group Communication, Report writing and Proposal.</p>

  <h4>Unit IV</h4>
  <p>Office procedure: Receipt and Dispatch of mail, Filing and Indexing Systems, Classification of mail. E-mail, Online meeting, Online interviews. Forms of Oral Communication – Group Discussion, Debate, Extempore, Presentation, Seminar and Conference.</p>

  <h4>Unit V</h4>
  <p>Data and information, Characteristics, sources and types of information. Importance of information for Managers, Value of Information, Information economics, Role of Computers.</p>

  <h4>Unit VI</h4>
  <p>Concept, role and importance of Management Information System (MIS), Concept of system, characteristics and types of system, Information needs and management levels – OAS, TPS, MIS, DSS. MIS and Decision making concepts, Herbert-Simon model of Decision Making. DSS, MIS Project Planning.</p>

  <h4>Text Books:</h4>
  <ul>
    <li>Essentials of Business Communication – Reddy, Apparnaiah, Rao</li>
    <li>Essentials of Business Communication – R. Pal and J.S. Korlahalli</li>
    <li>Business Communication – U.S. Rai and S.M. Rai</li>
    <li>Management Information & Control System, Dr. Sushila Madan, Taxmann</li>
    <li>Management Information System - Text and Cases, W. S. Jawadekar, McGraw Hill</li>
    <li>Management Information System, Dr. Nirmalya Bagchi, Vikas Publ. 2010</li>
    <li>Information System for Modern Management, R.G. Murdick, Joel E. Ross, & J.R. Clagget, PHI</li>
  </ul>

  <!-- BCA-104 -->
  <h3 id="BCA-104">BCA-104: C – PROGRAMMING</h3>
  <p><b>Total Lectures = 50</b></p>

  <h4>Unit I</h4>
  <p>Structures of ‘C’ Programming Language, Elements of C Programming, Algorithms and flowcharts (Real Life Examples), C Tokens, Keywords, Identifiers, Variables, Constant, Data Types, Operators.</p>

  <h4>Unit II</h4>
  <p>Decision Making: if, if-else, GOTO, Nesting, Switch Statements. Looping: for, while, do-while. Arrays: One Dimensional, Two Dimensional. Pre-processor directives: #include, #define.</p>

  <h4>Unit III</h4>
  <p>Functions: User Defined Functions, Nesting, Recursion, Function with Array, Parameter Passing- Call by value & Call by reference.</p>

  <h4>Unit IV</h4>
  <p>String Handling: String Manipulation, String Handling Functions.</p>

  <h4>Unit V</h4>
  <p>Structure, Structure Array, Pointers: Pointer of Array, Structure Pointer.</p>

  <h4>Unit VI</h4>
  <p>File Handling, Reading and Writing a File.</p>

  <h4>Text Books:</h4>
  <ul>
    <li>Let us C - Yashwant Kanetkar</li>
    <li>Programming in C - E. Balagurusamy</li>
  </ul>

  <h4>Recommended Books:</h4>
  <ul>
    <li>The C Programming Language – Dennis Ritchie, Pearson</li>
    <li>Structured Programming approach using C – Forouzan & Ceilberg, Thomson Learning</li>
    <li>Pointers in C – Yashwant Kanetkar</li>
    <li>How to solve it by Computer – R. G. Dromy</li>
    <li>Introduction to Algorithms – Cormen, Leiserson, Rivest, Stein</li>
    <li>Programming in C – R. Subburaj, Vikas Publishing House</li>
    <li>Computer Programming in C – V. Rajaraman, PHI</li>
    <li>Programming in C using ANSI C – Ashok N. Kamthane, Pearson Education</li>
  </ul>

  <!-- BCA-105 -->
  <h3 id="BCA-105">BCA-105: Lab on MS-Windows and DOS</h3>
  <p><b>Total Lab Classes = 60</b></p>

  <h4>MS-Windows</h4>
  <p>Features of MS Windows, Desktop, creation of folders and shortcuts, icons, features of Windows Explorer, Internet Explorer, Windows Accessories, Windows Media Player, Internet Browsers, Control Panel, Taskbar, Familiarisation with MS packages – Word, Excel, PowerPoint.</p>

  <h4>Disk Operating System (DOS)</h4>
  <p><b>DOS commands:</b></p>
  <p><b>Internal:</b> DIR, MD, CD, RD, COPY, DEL, VOL, DATE, TIME, CLS, PATH, TYPE, PROMPT etc.<br>
     <b>External:</b> CHKDSK, XCOPY, PRINT, DISKCOPY, DISKCOMP, DOSKEY, TREE, MOVE, LABEL, APPEND, FORMAT, SORT, FDISK, BACKUP, RESTORE, EDIT, MODE, ATTRIB, HELP, SYS etc.<br>
     Executable vs. non-executable files in DOS.</p>

  <!-- BCA-106 -->
  <h3 id="BCA-106">BCA-106: Lab on C</h3>
  <p><b>Total Lab Classes = 60</b></p>

  <h4>Sample Exercise 1: Basics</h4>
  <ul>
    <li>Print sample strings like “hello world”.</li>
    <li>"Welcome to C Programming" with escape sequences.</li>
    <li>Print different data types in C and their ranges.</li>
    <li>Initialize, assign & print variables of different data types.</li>
  </ul>

  <h4>Exercise 2: Operators</h4>
  <ol>
    <li>Demonstrate arithmetic operators (+, -, *, /, %).</li>
    <li>Demonstrate logical operators (AND, OR).</li>
    <li>Read radius and calculate area of circle.</li>
    <li>Calculate simple interest.</li>
    <li>Convert temperature (Fahrenheit – Centigrade and vice-versa).</li>
  </ol>

  <h4>Exercise 3: Relational Operators</h4>
  <ol>
    <li>Demonstrate relational operators (&lt;, &lt;=, &gt;=, ==, !=).</li>
    <li>Check equivalence using conditional operator.</li>
  </ol>

  <h4>Exercise 4: Decision Statements</h4>
  <ol>
    <li>Read marks and print pass/fail.</li>
    <li>Calculate roots of a quadratic equation.</li>
    <li>Calculate electricity bill.<br>
      <table>
        <tr><th>Units</th><th>Rate</th></tr>
        <tr><td>1-100</td><td>1.50/unit</td></tr>
        <tr><td>101-300</td><td>2.00/unit (beyond 100)</td></tr>
        <tr><td>301-500</td><td>2.50/unit (beyond 300)</td></tr>
        <tr><td>501+</td><td>3.25/unit (beyond 500)</td></tr>
      </table>
    </li>
  </ol>

  <h4>Exercise 5: Switch Operations</h4>
  <ol>
    <li>Arithmetic operations using switch.</li>
    <li>Display colors (VIBGYOR).</li>
    <li>Display vowels and consonants.</li>
    <li>Display weekdays.</li>
  </ol>

  <h4>Exercise 6: Basic Loop Operations</h4>
  <ol>
    <li>Sum of digits of a number.</li>
    <li>Check palindrome.</li>
    <li>Check prime numbers in range.</li>
    <li>Multiplication tables (1-10 except 3 & 5).</li>
  </ol>

  <h4>Exercise 7: Advanced Loops</h4>
  <ol>
    <li>Fibonacci series.</li>
    <li>Check Fibonacci number.</li>
    <li>Sum of GP (1 + x + x² + ...).</li>
    <li>Print patterns:<br>
      <pre>
1           *
1 2         * *
1 2 3       * * *
1 2 3 4     * * * *
      </pre>
    </li>
  </ol>

  <h4>Exercise 8: 1-D Arrays</h4>
  <ol>
    <li>Store and sum 10 elements.</li>
    <li>Print min and max.</li>
    <li>Count positive, negative, zero.</li>
    <li>Linear search.</li>
    <li>Bubble sort.</li>
  </ol>

  <h4>Exercise 9: 2-D Arrays</h4>
  <ol>
    <li>Matrix addition and subtraction.</li>
    <li>Matrix multiplication.</li>
    <li>Transpose of a matrix.</li>
  </ol>

  <h4>Exercise 10: Strings</h4>
  <ol>
    <li>String manipulations using functions.</li>
    <li>Print strings in ascending order.</li>
    <li>Palindrome check (with and without functions).</li>
    <li>Concatenate two strings.</li>
  </ol>

<h4>Exercise 11: Math Functions and I/O Functions</h4>
<ol>
<li>Write a program to read values from keyboard and find the values using <code>abs()</code>, <code>sqrt()</code>, <code>floor()</code>, <code>ceil()</code> and <code>pow()</code>.</li>
<li>Read and display a value using <code>getch()</code> and <code>putch()</code>.</li>
<li>Read and display a value using <code>getchar()</code>, <code>putchar()</code>, <code>gets()</code> and <code>puts()</code>.</li>
</ol>


<h4>Exercise 12: Functions</h4>
<ol>
<li>Write a program to find sum of two numbers using functions.</li>
<li>Find product of two numbers using functions without arguments, without return type.</li>
<li>Find difference of two numbers using functions without arguments, with return type.</li>
<li>Find sum of two numbers using functions with arguments &amp; without return type.</li>
<li>Find product of two numbers using functions with arguments, with return type.</li>
</ol>


<h4>Exercise 13: Functions and Recursion</h4>
<ol>
<li>Write a program to swap two numbers using:<br>
a) Call by value<br>
b) Call by reference</li>
<li>Calculate factorial, GCD using recursion and non-recursion functions.</li>
<li>Perform arithmetic operations using pointer.</li>
<li>Matrix addition using pointers.</li>
</ol>


<h4>Exercise 14: Structures</h4>
<ol>
<li>Write a program to create structure for an account holder in a bank with fields: name, account number, address, balance and display details of five account holders.</li>
<li>Find total marks and average marks for 10 students using structures.</li>
<li>Create structure called <b>traveller</b> with members: train no, coach no, seat no, source, destination, gender, age, name, departure date.</li>
<li>Illustrate passing an entire structure to a function.</li>
</ol>


<h4>Exercise 15: File Operations Using Command Line Arguments</h4>
<ol>
<li>Write a program which copies the contents of one file to another file using command line arguments.</li>
<li>Reverse the first n characters in a file using command line arguments.</li>
</ol>


<h4>Exercise 16: A Mini Project</h4>
<p>(Details/project work to be assigned by the instructor.)</p>


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